Tuesday, August 11, 2015

IRRIGATION

         IRRIGATION  
TANK
WELLS
CANAL
 TANK IRRIGATION
most feasible and widely practiced method
Small in size built by raising bunds across seasonal streams.
Excavated type in WB,ORISSA, BIHAR & mostly used for raising fishes beside irrigation
Get silted up soon so need to be desilted
High rate of evaporation and occupation of fertile land
At many places dried up surface used for cultivation
Most of the tanks are non perennial
A tank is nothing but  a depression  formed on the surface of the earth by naturally or artificially to store the water by building a bund around or a side of the depression.
If the tank is nearer or on the way of the stream of the river it is easy to store the water.
CONDITIONS FOR TANK IRRIGATION:
1.Land should have an undulating relief feature so that depression could be available
2. should have a hard layered rock and little percolation of water so that water can be retained for a long period
3. nearness of the river course so that water can be easily filled in the depression
AREAS FULLFILLING THE ABOVE CONDITIONS:
Karnataka , TN, AP, ORRISA, MAHARASHTRA have more area under tank irrigation.
Most parts of peninsular india especially most areas of Tamilnadu and  Andhra Pradesh, eastern parts of karnataka, eastern Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra and a few parts in north india.
ADVANTAGES OF TANK IRRIGATION:
1.Most of the tanks are natural and do not involve heavy cost for their construction.
2.even an individual farmer can have his own tank.
3.tanks are generally constructed on rocky bed and have longer life span.
4.in many tanks fishing is also carried on. This supplements both the food resources and income of the farmer.
DISADVANTAGES OF TANK IRRIGATION:
1.many tanks dry up during the dry season and fail to provide irrigation when it is needed the most.
2.silting of the tank bed is a serious problem and it requires desilting in regular intervals.
3.evaporation loss is very high.
4.some times it is difficult to take water from tank to the irrigation field because of the hard rock.




WELLS
- most widely distributed source of irrigation.
- water from underground so possible in areas of low rainfall where adequate amount of GW is present
within the reach of small farmer
- the great plains, deltaic region of Krishna, Godavari, narmada, kaveri, Mahanadi and tapti
- large tracts of peninsula holds little sub surface water
- in some parts of Haryana ,Rajasthan , Gujarat, Punjab ground water is saline so not suitable for irrigation
- 41 % of the net irrigated area
- WELL&TUBE-WELL IRRIGATION
- A well is a hole dug in the ground to obtain the subsoil water.
- A tube well is a deeper well with a tube surrounding the peripheral from which water is lifted with the help of a pump set.
- CONDITIONS FOR WELL AND TUBE-WELL IRRIGATION:
- 1.sufficient sweet ground water should be available
- 2.soft rock
-
- AREAS FULFILLING THE CONDITIONS:
- Large part of great plain, the deltaic regions of the Mahanadi, the godhavari, the Krishna, and the Cauvery, parts of the narmada and the tapi valleys and the weathered layers of the deccan trap.
- ADVANTAGES OF WELL AND TUBE-WELL IRRIGATION:
- 1.simplest and cheapest source of irrigation and the poor Indian farmer can easily afford it
- 2.well is an independent source of irrigation and can be used as and when the necessity arises
- 3.several chemicals such as nitrate, chloride, sulphate, etc. Are mixed in well water. They add to the fertility of soil when they reach the agricultural field along with well water
- 4.there is a limit to the extent of canal irrigation while a well can be dug at any convenient place
- DISADVANTAGES OF WELL AND TUBE-WELL IRRIGATION:
- 1.only limited areas can be irrigated
- 2.the well may dry up and may be rendered useless for irrigation if excessive water is taken out of it
- 3.tubewells can draw a lot of ground water from its neighbouring areas and make the ground dry and unfit for agriculture
- 4. for tube-wells electricity or diesel needed.

CANAL
principal source of irrigation
40% of the net irrigated area
Require an adequate source of water supply, allow relief and an extensive command area
Inundation canals are taken out of river without any regulating system at their heads ( to use flood water)
Perennial canals take off from perennial rivers with a weir system (to regulate flow of water)
In great plains canals take off from barrages, while in peninsula  large dams and reservoirs necessary for taking off canals
Half of the net canal irrigated area lie in UP, PUNJAB, HARYANA AND A.P
CANAL IRRIGATION
Canals are man-made channels for flow of water.
CONDITIONS FOR CANAL IRRIGATION:
1.areas of low and level relief so that water flow would be by the gravitation force
2.deep soft rock layer so that canal excavation would be easy
3.perennial source of water
AREAS FULFILLING THE CONDITIONS:
North plains of india especially the areas comprising Punjab; Haryana and uttar Pradesh  and the coastal and delta regions of the south india.
ADVANTAGES OF CANAL IRRIGATION:
1.most of the canals provide perennial irrigation and supply water as and when needed.
2.canals carry a lot of sediment brought down by the rivers. This sediment is deposited in the agricultural fields which adds to the fertility of soil.
3.some of the canals are parts of multipurpose projects and, therefore, provide cheap source of irrigation.
4.although the initial cost involved in canal irrigation is much higher, it is quite cheap in the long run.
DISADVANTAGES OF CANAL IRRIGATION:
1.the canal water soaks into the ground and leads to the problem of water-logging along the canal route
2.the marshy areas near the canals act as breeding grounds of mosquitoes which result in widespread diseases
3.many canals over flow during rainy season and flood the surrounding areas.
4.canal irrigation is suitable in plain areas only.


UTTAR PRADESH Upper and lower ganga canal, eastern Yamuna canal, sarda canal ramganga canal, betwa canal, agra canal
ANDHRA PRADESH Canal system taken off from Krishna, Godavari,Tungabhadra, dowlaiswaram anicut (Godavari delta), prakasam barrage(Krishna delta), penner canal,canals of nizamsagar,pochampad project, nagarjunsagar & Tungabhadra project (mainly irrigate rayalseema districts)
WEST BENGAL DVC (hooghly), mayurakshi,kangsabati
TAMIL NADU deltaic regions of tambraparni & kaveri, grand anicut, katalai high level canal, mettur canal system,lower bhawani project,manimuthar project(tambraparni)
BIHAR Eastern kosi canal, eastern gandak canal, son canal
RAJASTHAN Bikaner canal (satluj), ottu feeder(ghaggar), bhakra canal, Chambal project canals, rajasthan canal
M.P Chambal project , barna project, tawa project canal
KARNATKA Tungabhadra project canals, malprabha project, ghatprabha project,bhadra project, visvesaraya canal (kaveri)(krishnaarjunsagar dam)
MAHARASHTRA Mutha canal(khadakwasola reservoir),mula canal , upper Godavari canal, girna canal , nira canal, pravara canal,ghod and purna canal
ORISSA Canals of Mahanadi (hirakund project)
KERALA Malampuzha canal, periyar canal, pamba canal


OTHER SOURCES OF IRRIGATION -  irrigation from temporary dams called ahars & pynes, spring channels, direct lift from water channels.
*Great plains and east coastal lowlands have more area under irrigation than the uplands in the peninsular regions due to greater concentration of the sown area and availability of more surface and sub surface water.
NATIONAL WATER POLICY 2002
emphasis on integrated water resource development.
Management for optimal and sustainable utilization of water.
Creation of well developed information system.
Water conservation, participatory approach on water management
- Avg annual water availability of country -1869 billion cubic metre(bcm)
- Of  which 1123 bcm usable of which 690 bcm surface water rest ground water
- In bhart nirman emphasis on extension renovation and modernization (ERM ) & repair renovation and restoration


Accelerated irrigation benefit programme
- To gave loan assistance to states to help in completion of major / medium irrigation project
- Central loan assistance scheme for surface minor  irrigation schemes of north eastern states and other hilly states
- 25 % project grant for non special states and 30% for special states, drought prone tribal areas including.
Hydro project -2
- With world bank assistance in 13 states
- To promote the sustainable and effective use of hydrological information system(HIS)

COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AND WATER MANAGEMENT
- to bridge the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized through micro level Infrastructure development for efficient water management and enhancement of agriculture production
- Assistance of 50:50 basis for construction activity and 75:25 basis for training activity
- Parcitipatory approach with water users association
- Minimum 10% contribution by the beneficiary in the cost of construction of field channels, reclamation of water logged area
- Flood management
- 45 mha flood prone area in the country
- By way of construction of embankment , drainage channels town protection works & providing raised platforms
- 100% central assistance to W.B ,Tripura, N.E states
- Flood management programme – flood control, river management drainage development ,flood proofing, anti sea erosion works
- A network of flood forcasting and warning system established by central water commission in major river basins for flood forcast
- Advisory council on artificial recharge of ground water
- Implementation of 5000 farmer’s participatory action research programme
- Organization of national ground water congress
- Institute of ground water augmentation award and national water award
- Preparation of policy on use of ground water by industries
- FPARP technologies –micro irrigation system (drip and sprinkler), water conservation(jalkund, storage tanks, check dams, recharging wells), crop diversification, system of rice intensification (SRI), in-situ soil moisture conservation, micro nutrient management
- Ministryof water resources constituted bhoomijal  samvardhan  puraskars- cash award of 1 lkh.
              National water resource council
- Prime minister chairman, union minister of water resources vice chairman ,chief ministers of all states secretary (ministry of water resources)
Central water commission – 3 technical wings
- Design and research wing
- Water planning and project wing
- River management wing
13 regional organizations to carry out techno-economic appraisal and economic aspects of irrigation, flood control and multipurpose project proposed by state government
All work related to hydrological data
Flood forcasting system
To advise on basin wise development of water resources
To advise and assist survey and investigate on designs and schemes on development of river valleys in respect of power generation , irrigation, flood management , environmental management, resettlement and rehabilitation, soil conservation, anti water logging measures, reclamation of alkaline and saline soils, drainage and drinking water supply
To impart training on various aspects of water resource development
Dam safety studies, promotion of modern data collection techniques such as remote sensing assessment of water erosion problems
Central soil and material research station
- Soil mechanics, rock mechanics, construction materials
- Soil dynamics, geotextile, soil chemistry, rock fill technology, drilling technology
Central water and power research station
- Khadakwasla,  pune
- Hydraulic research
- River engineering, reservoir and appurtenant structures, coastal and offshore engineering, shiop hydrodynamics, hydraulic machinery, earth sciences, mathematic modeling
Central ground water board
- Disseminate technologies for scientific and sustainable development and management of india;s ground water resource including monitoring , assessment, exploration & augmentation
- RGI scheme provide training, setting up laboratories , r & d studies
Farraka barrage project
- For preservation and management of kolkata port(bhagirathi  hoogly  river system)
Bansagar control board
- On sone river
- M.P , U.P , bihar involved
Ganga flood control commission
- Headquartered at patna
Upper Yamuna board
- MoU between H.P, Haryana, U.P, rajasthan and nct delhi
- Allocation of available flow and also maintain the return flow
- Three storage project- renuka dam, Krishna dam, lakhwar vyas project
National water development agency
- National perspective plan (NPP) under national common minimum programme
- Transferring water from water surplus basin to water deficit basin by interlinking of rivers
 two components
- 1. Himalya water development component
- 2 .peninsular rivers development component
- Main river links- ken betwa link (M.P, U.P involved)
- Parbati- kali sindh- Chambal link(M.P , rajasthan involved)
- PAR-TAPI NARMADA LINK and damangana – panjal link (gujrat Maharashtra involved)
- Godavari- Krishna link (andhrapradesh involved)
- Mahanadi – Godavari- Krishna- pennar kaveri- gundar link system -7 states involved

                                                                                                 
REF. – 1. ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA BY SHARMA & COUTINHO.
2. INDIA 2013.
R.DHARMENDRA,
VIBHOR BACHCHAN


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