• CHANGED SITUATION AFTER 1857.
• Shock of revolt of 1857.
• Emergence of new colonial powers.
• British supremacy in world economy challenged.
• Large-scale British capital investment in India.
• CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT AT THE CENTRE.
• The Crown assumed the power to govern—to be exercised through a
secretary of state.
• Indians could be associated with legislative process in Imperial
Legislative Council, which had very limited power.
• CHANGES IN PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION.
• A process of financial and administrative devolution initiated in
1870.
Half-hearted and inadequate measures, aimed at increasing revenue
only, introduced.
CHANGES IN LOCAL BODIES A process of decentralisation
initiated in 1860s. Ripon's Resolution of 1882, a positive step.
Overall paucity of funds and absence of real powers.
CHANGES IN THE ARMY Supremacy of European branch ensured.
• Indian branch to be reorganised on the basis of balance and
counterpoise.
• Indians to be excluded from important and strategic locations and
branches.
• The Army to be used for the defence of the empire and its expansion,
and to promote commercial interests of Great Britain.
• PUBLIC SERVICES Very tough for Indians to be able to enter it.
• Subordinate them to British authority.
• ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES Divide and Rule.
• Hostility to educated Indians.
• Zamindars and landlords propped as counterweights to the nationalists.
• Reversal of policy of support to social reforms.
• Social services ignored.
• Half-hearted and inadequate labour legislations introduced.
• Stifling of press wherever seen to be helping the nationalist upsurge.
• Racial arrogance.
• FOREIGN POLICY Reach out to natural geographical frontiers for
internal cohesion and defence.
• Keep other European powers at an arm's length.
• Promote British economic and commercial interests.
