Wednesday, June 20, 2018

ECONOMY 8 and 9

ECONOMY 8 and 9








Financial Inclusion
The process which ensures access to financial services to all sections of the society especially
vulnerable/weaker sections.



Government measures in the pre-reform era
1.   Nationalisation of Banks (in 1969, 14 commercial banks were nationalised)
2.   Priority Sector Lending Policy
3.   Lead Bank scheme
4.   Service Area scheme
5.   Establishment of Regional Rural Banks
6.   NABARD was established in 1982
7.   Cooperative Banks
8.   SIDBI was established in 1989
9.   SHG – bank linkage group

Financial Services include

   Bank Accounts
   Funds Transfer
Facility
   Insurance Facility
   Credit Facility
   Pension


Latest Measures by the Government to achieve financial inclusion
1.      No frills account
2.      Business Correspondent Scheme (Bank Saathi Yojana) renamed as Swabhimaan scheme
3.      Post Offices Bank scheme

4.      Micro Finance Institutions
5.      Pension Schemes
6.      Micro Insurance Schemes
7.      Developmental Schemes like MNREGA



Why Should MFI charge high interest?
•    Risk in lending to weaker sections is high
•    Cost of raising funds for MFI is high
•    Cost of operations is also high

Malegam Committee Recommendations
MFI should give loans to weaker sections only(less than Rs
50,000pa)
    Max loan is Rs 25,000.00
    Ceiling on interest at 24%





New Pension Scheme (NPS)
•    Initiated on January 1st, 2004 for Central Govt Employees
•    NPS is based on defined contribution rather than defined benefit.
•    Contribution: Tier 1 and Tier 2
Tier 1: Employee contributes 10% of basic and DA Govt also contributes 10% of basic and DA
Tier 2: This is optional and the employee can contribute any amount
Govt will not make any contribution
The money so collected will be invested in securities market

ECONOMY 8 and 9



Micro Insurance Schemes
•     Aam Admi Bima Yojana
   Initiated in 2007
   It is a life insurance scheme

•     Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
   Launched in 2007
   It is a general insurance scheme (health insurance)

Inclusive growth Vs Financial Inclusion
Inclusive  growth  is  a  much  broader  term.  It  means  that  the  benefits  of  growth  should percolate down to all.
Financial Inclusion means bringing all under the Financial services cloud which is required for inclusive growth. That is, in other words nobody is left behind in accessing Financial services.
•    Hence Inclusive growth includes within itself financial inclusion.



Inflation
•    Inflation means increase in average prices of goods and services in a long period of time.
•    It is macro concept, where in the effect of inflation is seen over a large basket of goods.
Ultimate effect of inflation is that the value of money is reduced i.e., the purchasing power of money is reduced.

Type of Inflation
1.   Demand-Pull Inflation
Caused due to increase in aggregate demand in the economy.
Causes: Increase in money supply, Increase in money supply, Increase in Forex reserves, Deficit financing by government, Increase of Exports, Depreciation of Currency.
2.   Cost-Push Inflation
Caused due to reduction in aggregate supply in the economy.

Causes: Increase in price of inputs, Hoarding and Speculation of commodities, Defective Supply chain, Increase  in indirect taxes, Depreciation of Currency.



Causes of Inflation in recent years
Causes for Cost-Push Inflation
•    Crude oil price fluctuation
•    Defective food supply chain
•    Low growth of Agricultural sector
•    Food Inflation (growth agriculture sector has been averaging at 3.5%)
•    Interest rates was increased by RBI



Causes for Demand-Pull Inflation
•    Increase in foreign-exchange reserves
•    Increase in government expenditure
   Due to fiscal stimulus
   Increased borrowing
•    Depreciation of rupee

Note:  Cost  pull  inflation  is
considered bad among the two types of inflation. Because  the  National Income   is   reduced   along with the reduction in supply in  Cost-push  type  of inflation.

ECONOMY 8 and 9



Remedies
1.   Monetary Policy (Contractionary policy)
2.   Fiscal Policy measure
   Also called Budgetary policy
   It deals with the Revenue and Expenditure policy of government.
   Tools of fiscal policy
-Direct and Indirect taxes (Direct taxes should be increased and indirect taxes should be reduced).
-Public Expenditure should be decreased (should borrow less from RBI and more from other financial institutions)

3.   Supply Management measures
   Import commodities which are in short supply
   Decrease exports
   Govt may put a check on hoarding and speculation
   Distribution through PDS

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