WHY MILITANT NATIONALISM GREW
1. Realisation that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and
that the Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even
what existed.
2. Growth of self-confidence and self-respect.
3. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and unemployment.
4. International influences and events which demolished the myth of
white/European supremacy.
These included —
emergence of Japan—an Asian country
—as an industrial power
— Abyssinia's (Ethiopia) victory over Italy.
— Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses.
— Japan's victory over Russia (1905).
— nationalist movements worldwide.
5. Reaction to increasing westemisation.
6. Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates.
7. Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act
(1899), the Official Secrets Act (1904),
the Indian Universities Act (1904) and
partition of Bengal (1905).
8. Existence of a militant school of thought.
9. Emergence of a trained leadership.
THE EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY
Hatred for foreign rule
Belief in the capacity of masses
Swarajya as goal
Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT Began as a reaction to
partition of Bengal which became known in 1903, was formally
announced in July 1905 and came into force in October 1905.
The motive behind partition was to weaken Bengal which was
the nerve centre of Indian nationalist activity;
the official reason given for the partition was that Bengal had
become too big to administer
—which was true but only to some extent.
Moderate-led anti-partition movement (1903-05) was under Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K: Mitre, Prithwishchandra Ray.
Methods included public meetings, petitions, memoranda, propaganda through
newspapers and pamphlets.
National Movement-1905-1918 111
The movement under Extremists (1905-08) was led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra
Pal, Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh.
Methods included boycott of foreign cloth and other goods, public meetings and
processions, forming corps of volunteers or samitis, use of traditional
popular festivals and metes for propaganda,
emphasis on self-reliance or atma shakti,
launching programme of swadeshi or national education,
swadeshi or indigenous enterprises,
initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs, poetry,
pioneering research in science and later
calling for boycott of schools, colleges, councils, government service, etc.
Extremists took over because of the failure of the Moderates to achieve
positive results, divisive tactics of Governments of both Bengals,
severe government repression.
Extent of mass participation—students, women, certain sections of
zamindari, some lower middle and middle classes in towns and cities
participated for the first time while the Muslims generally kept away.
Annulment of Partition mainly to curb the 'menace' of revolutionary
terrorism.
Why Swadeshi Movement fizzled out by 1908?
Severe government repression.
Lack of effective organisation and a disciplined focus.
With arrest, deportation of all leaders, the movement left leaderless.
Split in nationalist ranks.
Narrow social base.
Achievements "A leap forward" because hitherto untouched sections
participated, major trends of later movement emerged;
richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature; people
educated in bolder form of politics; colonial hegemony undermined.
1. Realisation that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and
that the Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even
what existed.
2. Growth of self-confidence and self-respect.
3. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and unemployment.
4. International influences and events which demolished the myth of
white/European supremacy.
These included —
emergence of Japan—an Asian country
—as an industrial power
— Abyssinia's (Ethiopia) victory over Italy.
— Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses.
— Japan's victory over Russia (1905).
— nationalist movements worldwide.
5. Reaction to increasing westemisation.
6. Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates.
7. Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act
(1899), the Official Secrets Act (1904),
the Indian Universities Act (1904) and
partition of Bengal (1905).
8. Existence of a militant school of thought.
9. Emergence of a trained leadership.
THE EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY
Hatred for foreign rule
Belief in the capacity of masses
Swarajya as goal
Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.
THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT Began as a reaction to
partition of Bengal which became known in 1903, was formally
announced in July 1905 and came into force in October 1905.
The motive behind partition was to weaken Bengal which was
the nerve centre of Indian nationalist activity;
the official reason given for the partition was that Bengal had
become too big to administer
—which was true but only to some extent.
Moderate-led anti-partition movement (1903-05) was under Surendranath
Banerjee, K.K: Mitre, Prithwishchandra Ray.
Methods included public meetings, petitions, memoranda, propaganda through
newspapers and pamphlets.
National Movement-1905-1918 111
The movement under Extremists (1905-08) was led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra
Pal, Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh.
Methods included boycott of foreign cloth and other goods, public meetings and
processions, forming corps of volunteers or samitis, use of traditional
popular festivals and metes for propaganda,
emphasis on self-reliance or atma shakti,
launching programme of swadeshi or national education,
swadeshi or indigenous enterprises,
initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs, poetry,
pioneering research in science and later
calling for boycott of schools, colleges, councils, government service, etc.
Extremists took over because of the failure of the Moderates to achieve
positive results, divisive tactics of Governments of both Bengals,
severe government repression.
Extent of mass participation—students, women, certain sections of
zamindari, some lower middle and middle classes in towns and cities
participated for the first time while the Muslims generally kept away.
Annulment of Partition mainly to curb the 'menace' of revolutionary
terrorism.
Why Swadeshi Movement fizzled out by 1908?
Severe government repression.
Lack of effective organisation and a disciplined focus.
With arrest, deportation of all leaders, the movement left leaderless.
Split in nationalist ranks.
Narrow social base.
Achievements "A leap forward" because hitherto untouched sections
participated, major trends of later movement emerged;
richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature; people
educated in bolder form of politics; colonial hegemony undermined.
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