Post-War economic hardship.
Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide.
Impact of Russian Revolution.
MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS Dyarchy in provinces. Two lists—reserved and
transferred—for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by
governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be
administered by ministers from legislative council.
Extensive powers to governor, governor-general and secretary of state
for interference.
Franchise expanded, powers also extended. Governorgeneral
to administer with an executive council of 8— three to be
Indians.
Two lists for administration—central and provincial. Bicameral
central legislature—Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house and
Council of States as the upper house.
Drawbacks
Dyarchy arrangement too complex and irrational to be functional. Central
executive not responsible to legislature.
Limited franchise.
• GANDHI'S ACTIVISM IN SOUTH AFRICA (1893-1914) Set up Natal Indian
Congress and started Indian Opinion.
Satyagraha against registration certificates.
Campaign against restrictions on Indian migration.
Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages.
Gandhi's faith in capacity of masses to fight established; he was able to evolve his own style of leadership and politics and techniques of struggle.
GANDHI'S EARLY ACTIVISM IN INDIA
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)—First Hunger Strike.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation.
Rowlett Satyagraha (1918)—First mass-strike.
National Movement 1919-1939 197
• KHILAFAT-NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Three demands-
1. Favourable treaty for Turkey
2. Redrassal of Punjab wrongs
3. Establishment of swaraj.
Techniques used
Boycott of government-run schools, colleges, law courts, municipality
and government service, foreign cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using khadi; second stage to include
civil disobedience by nonpayment of taxes.
Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920)—Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self-government through constitutional means.
Chauri-Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922) Violence by agitated mob—
prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.
SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS
Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of NonCooperation
Movement with an aim to end or mend the councils. No-changers advocated
constructive work during transition period.
• EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S
1. Spread of Marxism and socialist ideas
2. Activism of Indian youth
3. Peasants' agitations
4. Growth of trade unionism
5. Caste movements
6. Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism.
• ACTIVITIES OF HRA HSRA Established-1924 Kakori robbery-1925
Reorganised-1928 Saunders' murder-1928 Bomb in Central Legislative
Assembly-1929 Bid to blow up viceroy's train-1929 Azad killed in police encounter-1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931.
Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide.
Impact of Russian Revolution.
MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS Dyarchy in provinces. Two lists—reserved and
transferred—for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by
governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be
administered by ministers from legislative council.
Extensive powers to governor, governor-general and secretary of state
for interference.
Franchise expanded, powers also extended. Governorgeneral
to administer with an executive council of 8— three to be
Indians.
Two lists for administration—central and provincial. Bicameral
central legislature—Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house and
Council of States as the upper house.
Drawbacks
Dyarchy arrangement too complex and irrational to be functional. Central
executive not responsible to legislature.
Limited franchise.
• GANDHI'S ACTIVISM IN SOUTH AFRICA (1893-1914) Set up Natal Indian
Congress and started Indian Opinion.
Satyagraha against registration certificates.
Campaign against restrictions on Indian migration.
Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages.
Gandhi's faith in capacity of masses to fight established; he was able to evolve his own style of leadership and politics and techniques of struggle.
GANDHI'S EARLY ACTIVISM IN INDIA
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)—First Hunger Strike.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation.
Rowlett Satyagraha (1918)—First mass-strike.
National Movement 1919-1939 197
• KHILAFAT-NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Three demands-
1. Favourable treaty for Turkey
2. Redrassal of Punjab wrongs
3. Establishment of swaraj.
Techniques used
Boycott of government-run schools, colleges, law courts, municipality
and government service, foreign cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using khadi; second stage to include
civil disobedience by nonpayment of taxes.
Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920)—Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self-government through constitutional means.
Chauri-Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922) Violence by agitated mob—
prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.
SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS
Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of NonCooperation
Movement with an aim to end or mend the councils. No-changers advocated
constructive work during transition period.
• EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S
1. Spread of Marxism and socialist ideas
2. Activism of Indian youth
3. Peasants' agitations
4. Growth of trade unionism
5. Caste movements
6. Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism.
• ACTIVITIES OF HRA HSRA Established-1924 Kakori robbery-1925
Reorganised-1928 Saunders' murder-1928 Bomb in Central Legislative
Assembly-1929 Bid to blow up viceroy's train-1929 Azad killed in police encounter-1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931.
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