MAJOR CAUSE OF MODERATE-EXTREMIST SPLIT AT SURAT (1907)
Moderates wanted to restrict the Boycott Movement to Bengal and to a
boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.
Extremists wanted to take the
movement to all parts of the country and include within its ambit all
forr; of association with the Government through a boycott of schools,
colleges, law courts, legislative councils, government service,
municipalities etc.
GOVERNMENT ACTS FOR REPRESSION OF SWADESHI MOVEMENT
Seditious Meetings Act (1907)
Criminal ,Law (Amendment) Act (1908)
Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908)
Explosive Substances Act (1908)
Indian Press Act (1910)
REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM
Reasons for emergence
Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase.
Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.
Ideology
Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers
and arouse people to expel the British physically; based on individual
heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and
not a mass-based countrywide struggle.
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY BEFORE FIRST WORLD WAR
Bengal 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The
Anushilan Samiti)
1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By
1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism.
1907—Attempt on life of governor of East Bengal.
1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur
Magistrate, Kingsford.
Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo. Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others.
1908—Barrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan.
1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Boss and Sachin Sanyal
Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.
Maharashtra
1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.
1890s—Tilak's attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through
Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta.
1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and
Lt. Ayerst.
1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organized by Savarkar and his brother.
1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat.
1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed.
Punjab
Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar Syed
Haidar Raza, Bhai Parmanand, Lalchand 'Falak', Sufi Ambaprasad.
Abroad
1905—Shyamji Krishnavarma, set up Indian Home Rule Society and India
House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London.
1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie.
Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva and brought out
journal Bande. Mataram. Ajit Singh also active.
MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS
Number of elected members in Imperial and Provincial Legislative
Councils increased—elected non-officials still in minority.
Separate electorates, introduced for Muslims.
Elected non-officials to be elected indirectly—thus elections introduced
for the first time.
Legislatures could pass resolutions, ask questions and supplementaries,
vote separate items of the budget.
One Indian to be on viceroy's executive council.
Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates
and the Muslims to the Government's side.
No responsibility entrusted to legislators—this resulted in thoughtless
criticism sometimes.
System of election was too indirect.
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY DURING FIRST WORLD WAR
In North America, the Ghadr was organized by Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra,
Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand.
The Ghadr Programme
Assassinate officials.
Publish revolutionary literature.
Work among Indian troops abroad and raise funds.
Bring about a simultaneous revolt in all colonies of Britain
Attempt to bring about an armed revolt in India on February 21, 1915
amidst favourable conditions created by the outbreak of First World War
and the Komagaia Mani incident (September 1914). The plan was foiled due
to treachery.
Defence of India Act, 1915 passed primarily to deal with the Ghadrites.
In Europe Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by
Virendranath Chattopadhyay and others.
Missions sent to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey, Kabul.
In India Bagha Jatin organized revolutionary activity in Bengal and died
in an encounter (1915) in Balasore.
HOME RULE LEAGUE MOVEMENT Manifestation of a trend of aggressive
politics in national movement; was pioneered by Tilak and Annie Besant
on lines of a similar movement in Ireland.
Factors Favouring the Movement
1. Need being felt for popular pressure to attain concessions.
2. Disillusionment with Morley-Minto Reforms.
3. Wartime miseries—public ready to protest.
4. Tilak, Besant ready to assume leadership.
Aim of the Movement
To convey to the common man the concept of Home Rule as self-government.
Tilak's League—Started in April 1916 and operated in Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Central Provinces and Berar; had six branches.
Besant's League—Started in September 1916 and operated in rest of India;had 200 branches.
Later, the leagues were joined by others including Moderate Congressmen.
Methods used
Organising discussions, reading rooms, propaganda through public
meetings, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, etc.
Positive Gains Emphasis shifted to the masses permanently;
organisational link established between town and country; prepared a
generation of ardent nationalists, influenced Moderate-Extremist reunion
at Lucknow (1916).
LUCKNOW SESSION OF INC-1916
Extremists readmitted to Congress League-Congress put up joint demands under Lucknow Pact. Congress accepted League's position on separate electorates
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