CHAP 5 NATIONALIST UPSURGE AT END OF WAR

Post-War economic hardship.

Nationalist disillusionment with imperialism worldwide.

Impact of Russian Revolution.

MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS Dyarchy in provinces. Two lists—reserved and
transferred—for administration. Reserved subjects to be administered by
governor through executive council and transferred subjects to be
administered by ministers from legislative council.


Extensive powers to governor, governor-general and secretary of state
for interference.

 Franchise expanded, powers also extended. Governorgeneral
to administer with an executive council of 8— three to be
Indians.

 Two lists for administration—central and provincial. Bicameral
central legislature—Central Legislative Assembly as the lower house and
Council of States as the upper house.


Drawbacks
Dyarchy arrangement too complex and irrational to be functional. Central
executive not responsible to legislature.



Limited franchise.
• GANDHI'S ACTIVISM IN SOUTH AFRICA (1893-1914) Set up Natal Indian
Congress and started Indian Opinion.

Satyagraha against registration certificates.

Campaign against restrictions on Indian migration.

Campaign against poll tax and invalidation of Indian marriages.

Gandhi's faith in capacity of masses to fight established; he was able to evolve his own style of leadership and politics and techniques of struggle.

GANDHI'S EARLY ACTIVISM IN INDIA

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience.

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)—First Hunger Strike.

Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation.

Rowlett Satyagraha (1918)—First mass-strike.

National Movement 1919-1939 197

• KHILAFAT-NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Three demands-

1. Favourable treaty for Turkey

2. Redrassal of Punjab wrongs

3. Establishment of swaraj.

Techniques used

Boycott of government-run schools, colleges, law courts, municipality
and government service, foreign cloth, liquor; setting up of national schools, colleges, panchayats and using khadi; second stage to include

civil disobedience by nonpayment of taxes.

Nagpur Congress Session (December 1920)—Congress goal changed to attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means from attainment of self-government through constitutional means.
Chauri-Chaura Incident (February 5, 1922) Violence by agitated mob—
prompted Gandhi to withdraw movement.

SWARAJISTS AND NO-CHANGERS

Swarajists advocated council entry after withdrawal of NonCooperation

Movement with an aim to end or mend the councils. No-changers advocated
constructive work during transition period.

• EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES DURING 1920S

1. Spread of Marxism and socialist ideas

2. Activism of Indian youth

3. Peasants' agitations

4. Growth of trade unionism

5. Caste movements

6. Revolutionary terrorism with a tilt towards socialism.

• ACTIVITIES OF HRA HSRA Established-1924 Kakori robbery-1925

Reorganised-1928 Saunders' murder-1928 Bomb in Central Legislative

Assembly-1929 Bid to blow up viceroy's train-1929 Azad killed in police encounter-1931 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged-1931.

CHAP 5 1907 TILL 1919

MAJOR CAUSE OF MODERATE-EXTREMIST SPLIT AT SURAT (1907)

Moderates wanted to restrict the Boycott Movement to Bengal and to a
boycott of foreign cloth and liquor.

 Extremists wanted to take the
movement to all parts of the country and include within its ambit all
forr; of association with the Government through a boycott of schools,
colleges, law courts, legislative councils, government service,
municipalities etc.

GOVERNMENT ACTS FOR REPRESSION OF SWADESHI MOVEMENT

Seditious Meetings Act (1907)

Criminal ,Law (Amendment) Act (1908)

Indian Newspapers (Incitement to Offences) Act (1908)

Explosive Substances Act (1908)

Indian Press Act (1910)

REVOLUTIONARY TERRORISM


Reasons for emergence

Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase.

Leadership's failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.

Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.

Ideology

Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers
and arouse people to expel the British physically; based on individual
heroic actions on lines of Irish nationalists or Russian nihilists and
not a mass-based countrywide struggle.




REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY BEFORE FIRST WORLD WAR

Bengal 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The
Anushilan Samiti)

1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By

1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism.

1907—Attempt on life of governor of East Bengal.

1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur
Magistrate, Kingsford.

Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo. Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others.

1908—Barrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan.

1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Boss and Sachin Sanyal
Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.

Maharashtra
1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.

1890s—Tilak's attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through
Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta.

1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and
Lt. Ayerst.

1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organized by Savarkar and his brother.

1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat.

1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed.

Punjab
Revolutionary activity by Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Aga Haidar Syed
Haidar Raza, Bhai Parmanand, Lalchand 'Falak', Sufi Ambaprasad.
Abroad

1905—Shyamji Krishnavarma, set up Indian Home Rule Society and India
House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London.

1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie.
Madame Bhikaji Cama operated from Paris and Geneva and brought out
journal Bande. Mataram. Ajit Singh also active.



MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS
Number of elected members in Imperial and Provincial Legislative
Councils increased—elected non-officials still in minority.
Separate electorates, introduced for Muslims.

Elected non-officials to be elected indirectly—thus elections introduced
for the first time.

Legislatures could pass resolutions, ask questions and supplementaries,
vote separate items of the budget.

One Indian to be on viceroy's executive council.

Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates
and the Muslims to the Government's side.

No responsibility entrusted to legislators—this resulted in thoughtless
criticism sometimes.

System of election was too indirect.


REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY DURING FIRST WORLD WAR
In North America, the Ghadr was organized by Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra,
Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand.

The Ghadr Programme

Assassinate officials.

Publish revolutionary literature.

Work among Indian troops abroad and raise funds.

Bring about a simultaneous revolt in all colonies of Britain


Attempt to bring about an armed revolt in India on February 21, 1915

amidst favourable conditions created by the outbreak of First World War
and the Komagaia Mani incident (September 1914). The plan was foiled due
to treachery.

Defence of India Act, 1915 passed primarily to deal with the Ghadrites.
In Europe Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by
Virendranath Chattopadhyay and others.

Missions sent to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey, Kabul.

In India Bagha Jatin organized revolutionary activity in Bengal and died
in an encounter (1915) in Balasore.



HOME RULE LEAGUE MOVEMENT Manifestation of a trend of aggressive
politics in national movement; was pioneered by Tilak and Annie Besant
on lines of a similar movement in Ireland.


Factors Favouring the Movement

1. Need being felt for popular pressure to attain concessions.

2. Disillusionment with Morley-Minto Reforms.

3. Wartime miseries—public ready to protest.

4. Tilak, Besant ready to assume leadership.



Aim of the Movement

To convey to the common man the concept of Home Rule as self-government.

Tilak's League—Started in April 1916 and operated in Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Central Provinces and Berar; had six branches.

Besant's League—Started in September 1916 and operated in rest of India;had 200 branches.

Later, the leagues were joined by others including Moderate Congressmen.

Methods used
Organising discussions, reading rooms, propaganda through public
meetings, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, etc.
Positive Gains Emphasis shifted to the masses permanently;
organisational link established between town and country; prepared a
generation of ardent nationalists, influenced Moderate-Extremist reunion
at Lucknow (1916).





LUCKNOW SESSION OF INC-1916
Extremists readmitted to Congress League-Congress put up joint demands under Lucknow Pact. Congress accepted League's position on separate electorates

CHAP 3 FACTORS IN GROWTH OF MODERN NATIONALISM

FACTORS IN GROWTH OF MODERN "NATIONALISM

Understanding of contradictions in Indian and colonial interests

Political, administrative and economic unification of the country.

Western thought and education

Role of press and literature

Rediscovery of India's past-historical researches

Rise of middle class intelligentsia

Impact of contemporary movements worldwide

Reactionary policies and racial arrogance of rulers

POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS BEFORE INDIAN NATIONAL' CONGRESS

1836—Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha

Zamindari Association or Landholders' Society

1843—Bengal British India Society

1851—British Indian Association

1866—East India Association

1875—Indian League

1876—Indian Association of Calcutta

1867—Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

1885—Bombay Presidency Association

1884—Madras Mahajan Sabha

EARLY NATIONALIST METHODOLOGYConstitutional agitation within four walls
of law

Create public opinion in India and campaign for support to Indian
demands in England

Political education of people

Political connections with Britain in India's interests at that stage

Time not ripe for direct challenge to colonial rule

CONTRIBUTIONS OF MODERATE NATIONALISTS

Economic critique of British imperialism

Constitutional reforms and propaganda in legislature

Campaign for general administrative reforms

Defence of civil rights.

CHAPTER 4 INM 1905-1907

WHY MILITANT NATIONALISM GREW
1. Realisation that the true nature of British rule was exploitative, and
that the Government, instead of conceding more, was taking away even
what existed.

2. Growth of self-confidence and self-respect.

3. Impact of growth of education—increase in awareness and unemployment.

4. International influences and events which demolished the myth of
white/European supremacy.

These included —
emergence of Japan—an Asian country
—as an industrial power
— Abyssinia's (Ethiopia) victory over Italy.
— Boer Wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses.
— Japan's victory over Russia (1905).
— nationalist movements worldwide.

5. Reaction to increasing westemisation.

6. Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates.

7. Reactionary policies of Curzon such as the Calcutta Corporation Act
(1899), the Official Secrets Act (1904),
the Indian Universities Act (1904) and
partition of Bengal (1905).

8. Existence of a militant school of thought.

9. Emergence of a trained leadership.


THE EXTREMIST IDEOLOGY
 Hatred for foreign rule

 Belief in the capacity of masses

 Swarajya as goal

 Advocacy of direct political action and self-sacrifice.

THE SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT Began as a reaction to
partition of Bengal which became known in 1903, was formally
announced in July 1905 and came into force in October 1905.

The motive behind partition was to weaken Bengal which was
the nerve centre of Indian nationalist activity;

the official reason given for the partition was that Bengal had
become too big to administer

—which was true but only to some extent.

Moderate-led anti-partition movement (1903-05) was under Surendranath

Banerjee, K.K: Mitre, Prithwishchandra Ray.

Methods included public meetings, petitions, memoranda, propaganda through

newspapers and pamphlets.

National Movement-1905-1918 111

The movement under Extremists (1905-08) was led by Tilak, Bipin Chandra
Pal, Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghosh.

Methods included boycott of foreign cloth and other goods, public meetings and

processions, forming corps of volunteers or samitis, use of traditional

popular festivals and metes  for propaganda,

emphasis on self-reliance or atma shakti,

launching programme of swadeshi or national education,

swadeshi or indigenous enterprises,

initiating new trends in Indian painting, songs, poetry,

pioneering research in science and later
calling for boycott of schools, colleges, councils, government service, etc.

Extremists took over because of the failure of the Moderates to achieve
positive results, divisive tactics of Governments of both Bengals,
severe government repression.


Extent of mass participation—students, women, certain sections of
zamindari, some lower middle and middle classes in towns and cities

participated for the first time while the Muslims generally kept away.
Annulment of Partition mainly to curb the 'menace' of revolutionary
terrorism.

Why Swadeshi Movement fizzled out by 1908?

Severe government repression.

Lack of effective organisation and a disciplined focus.

With arrest, deportation of all leaders, the movement left leaderless.
Split in nationalist ranks.

Narrow social base.

Achievements "A leap forward" because hitherto untouched sections
participated, major trends of later movement emerged;

richness of the movement extended to culture, science and literature; people

educated in bolder form of politics; colonial hegemony undermined.

CHAPTER 2 RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMENTS

Rising :tide of nationalism and democracy during the late 19th century.

SOCIAL BASE

Emerging middle class and western-educated intellectuals.

IDEOLOGICAL BASE
Rationalism, religious universalism, humanism, secularism.

SOCIAL REFORM COMPONENTS
Betterment of Position of Women

Degraded position due to Purdah system Early marriage Lack of education

Unequal rights in marriage, divorce, inheritance

Polygamy

Female infanticide

Restrictions on widow remarriage

Sati

Major Contributors to Reforms

Social reform movements,

freedom struggle,

movements led by enlightened women,

free India's Constitution.

Legislative Measures for Women

Bengal Regulation (1829) banning sati

Bengal Regulations (1795, 1804)—declaring infanticide illegal.

Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856.

Age of Consent Act, 1891

Sarda Act, 1930

Special Marriage Act, 1954

Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act Maternity Benefits Act, 1961

Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978

Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act in Women and Girls,
1956 (amended in 1986)


Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (amended in 1986)

STRUGGLE AGAINST CASTE-BASED EXPLOITATION

Factors Undermining Caste Rigidities

Forces unleashed by colonial administration

Social reform movements

National movement

Gandhi's campaign against untouchability

Stirrings among lower castes due to better education and employment

Free India's Constitution

REFORM MOVEMENTS: AMONG HINDUS Bengal Raja Ram-mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj

Debendranath Tagore and Tattvabodhini Sabha

Keshub Chandra Sen and Brahmo Samaj of India Prarthana Samaj

Derozio and Young Bengal Movement Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Western

India Bal Shastri Jambekar Students' Literary and Scientific Societies
Pararnhansa Mandalis

Jyotiba Phule and Satyashodhak Samaj Gopalhari Deshmukh Lokahitawadi'

Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Servants of India Society Southern India Sri

Narayana Dharma Paripalana Movement Vokkaliga Sangha Justice Movement

Self-respect Movement Temple Entry Movement All India

Ramakrishna Movement and Vivekananda

Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj

Theosophical Movement

• AMONG MUSLIMS
Wahabi/Walliullah Movement Ahmadiya Movement Syed Ahmed Khan and

Aligarh Movement Deoband Movement

AMONG PARSIS

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha

AMONG SIKHS

Singh Sabha Movement Akali Movement

POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS

Liberation of individual from conformity out of fear psychosis.
Worship made a more personal affair Cultural roots to the middle classes—thus
mitigating the sense of humiliation;
much needed self-respect gained Fostered secular outlook Encouraged social climate for modernisation Ended India's cultural, intellectual isolation from rest of the world

Evolution of national consciousness
NEGATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS

Narrow social base Indirectly encouraged mysticism Overemphasis on
religious, philosophical aspects of culture while underemphasising
secular and moral aspects Hindus confined their praise to ancient Indian
history and Muslims to medieval history—created a notion of two separate
peoples and increased communal consciousness Historical process of
evolution of composite culture arrested to some extent.

INM RIN 1857 CHAP 1

Revolt—

a product of character and policies of colonial rule.
Economic causes—

Heavy taxation under new revenue settlement,
Summary evictions,

Discriminatory tariff policy against Indian products,

Destruction of traditional handicrafts industry, and

Absence of concomitant industrialisation on modern lines that hit
peasants, artisans and small zamindars.

Political causes—
Greedy policy of aggrandisement,

Absentee sovereigntyship character of British rule,

British interference in socio-religious affairs of Indian public.

Military causes—
Discontent among sepoys for economic,

Psychological and religious reasons,

Coupled with a long history of revolts.

CENTRES OF REVOLT AND LEADERS

Delhi - General Khan Kanpur - Nana Saheb Lucknow -

Begum Hazrat Mahal Bareilly - Khan Bahadur Bihar -

Kunwar Singh Faizabad - Maulvi Ahmadullah Jhansi - Rani Laxmibai

THE BRITISH RESISTANCE
Delhi -- John Nicholson,
Kanpur Lucknow
Jhansi Benaras
- Lieutenant Willoughby,
Lieutenant Hudson - Sir Hugh Wheeler, Sir Colin Campbell - Henry

Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis,

Henry Havelock, James Outram, Sir Colin Campbell - Sir Hugh Rose -

Colonel James Neill


CAUSES OF FAILURE

Limited territorial and social base.

Crucial support of certain sections of Indian public to British authorities.

CAUSES OF FAILURE

Limited territorial and social base.

Crucial support of certain sections of Indian public to British authorities.

Gs2

General Studies -II: 250 Marks (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations)

Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.

Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.

Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.

Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries

Parliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.

Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.

Salient features of the Representation of People's Act.

Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources, issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.

Role of civil services in a democracy.

India and its neighbourhood- relations.

Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests

Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian diaspora.

Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.