Tuesday, June 11, 2019

UPSC ANCIENT HISTORY 1-36

1.

Sindhu is the name of the Indus River, mentioned in the Rig-Veda.

Neighboring Arabs, Iranians uttered 's' as 'h' and called this land Hindu.
Greeks pronounced this name as Indus.

2. 
composed some hymns of the Vedas Brahmavadini are
Lopamudra
Vishwawara,
Sikta,
Nivavari,
Ghosha and
Maitreyi.

3. 
248 A.D. is Kalachuri era.

58BC Vikram era was startedby king Vikramaditya.

78AD Shaka era was started by Kanishka.

320AD Gupta era was started by Chandragupta-I.


4. 
In Sanskrit plays of Gupta period women and Sudras speak prakrit
and  Elite class speak Sanskrit.

5.
  In the year 1915 near a village called Maski in Raichur District of

Karnataka, a rock inscription was discovered on a hill.

In this inscription for the first time the name of Ashoka was found with

titles like
 Devanampriya and Priyadarshi.


6.  Yavanas were Indo-Greeks.
They liked pepper,
that is why pepper was known as Yavanapriya.

7.  Anuvrata was the five main teachings of Jainism-
Ahimsa,
Asateya,
Aparigraha,
Satya and
Brahmacharya

8.
According to Mimamsa system of philosophy,liberation is possible by means by

karma


9.
 Four handed Bronze icon of Nataraja is the
finest example of Chola sculpture.

10. 
A complete Yuga
starts with the Satya Yuga(Krita),
via Treta Yuga
and Dvapara Yuga
into a Kali Yuga.
STDK

11. 
Devadasi is a girl "dedicated" to worship and service of a deity or a temple

for the rest of her life.
They were Considered the human wife of Lord Jagannath.

12.
 Sapta Sindhu play a prominent part in the hymns of the Rigveda, and

consequently in early Vedic religion.

13. 
Therigatha was a part of the Buddhist literature.

Early Jains literature is
Acarangasutra
Sutrakritanga
Brihatkalpasutra

14. 
Common to both
Buddhism and Jainism
Both denied the authority of the Vedas and the
necessity of performing sacrifices and rituals.
Both of them were opposed to animal sacrifices.

15. 
Kosa was used for treasury and the
Kula Vamsa Gotra related to family.

16. 
Susrutha Samhita was written by Susrutha.
He was said to have been the best surgeon during the Gupta period.

Bharhut sculptures was invariably used green schist as the medium

18. 
Vishakhadatta wrote a drama named “MudraRakshasa”.
Varahamihira wrote Astronomy
Brahmagupta wrote  Mathematics

19. 
Arthashastra was written by Kautilya.
allows divorce to a wife deserted by her husband
 In this book 'Moksha' has been used for divorce.

20. 
Badami was also known as Vatapi in Bijapur district of Karnataka.
Panamalai or Kanchi in Tamil Nadu was the capital of Pallavas.
Chandella in Khajuraho
Gupta in Deogarh

21.
Ashoka stone pillars were meant to spread his Dhamma
(not the part of architectural structure.)
 These are highly polished
 These are monolithic
 The shaft of pillars is tapering in shape

22. 
Kharosthi script was deciphered by James Prinsep (1799–1840),
using the bilingual coins of the Indo-Greek period.
Kharosthi script of ancient India was written from right to left

This in turn led to the reading of the Edicts of Ashoka, some of which, from

the northwest of the Asian subcontinent, were written in the Kharosthi script.

23. 
Kathopanishad is the conversation between
Nachiketa and Yamraj (God of  death).
Nachiketa was a seeker, and Yamraj was a Guru (knower of secrets).

24.
Milindapanho wasn’t written by one person.
It is the collected dialogue between the Indo-Greek king Milinda (or Meander)

and the Buddhist sage Nagasena.

25. 
Maski, Gurjara, Nettur and Udegolam
inscriptions mention the personal name of Ashoka.

26. 

Matsya Mahajanapada comprised the present day  Jaipur-Bharatapur-Alwar area of

Rajasthan,

Avanti was one of the most important ones and its core area comprises the

present-day Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh.

Vatsa with its capital at Kausambi was another powerful Mahajanapada, annexed

by Magadha.

Anga Mahajanapada was in Gangetic valley.

27. 
 In the Mahayana Buddhism, the Bodhisatva  Avalokitesvara was also known as

Padmapani

Avalokiteśvara is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.

He is one of the more widely revered bodhisattvas in mainstream Mahayana

Buddhism.

In Sanskrit, Avalokitesvara is also referred to as Padmapāni (“Holder of the

Lotus”) or Lokeśvara (“Lord of the World”).

28.
Rupaka was a silver coin of Gupta period.
16 Rupaka was equal to 1 gold coin.

29. 
Varahamihira also wrote Panchasiddhantika; Brihat-Samhita
Vishakhadatta also wrote Mudra Rakshasa.Devi-Chandraguptam
Sudraka  wrote  Mrichchha-Katikam
Bilhana  wrote  Vikramankadeva-Charita


30. 
A manigramam was a large, influential guild of South Indian merchants during

the period of Western Chalukyan rulers in 10th – 12th Century CE.

31.  The Saka era started in 78 AD,
while Vikram era started from 58 BC.

The Badami rock inscription of Pulakesin I is dated in the Saka year 465.

rock inscription of Pulakesin I to Vikram era, it will 601 Vikram Samvat.

32.
Many of the Greeks, Kushanas and Shakas embraced Buddhism rather than Hinduism

because caste ridden Hinduism did not attract them.

33.
The Ashoka major rock edicts which tell us about the
Sangam Kingdom include rock edicts 2 13.

The 2 and 13 rock edicts mention the southern kingdoms of Chola, Pandya, Satyaputra, Keralaputra and Tambapanni.

34. 
Buddhacharita was written by Ashvaghosh.
Mrichchakatikam was written by Shudraka
Mudrarakshasha was written by Vishakadatta
Harshacharita was written by Banabhatta

35. 
 appeared in India?
 Urban culture
 Iron plough
 Punch marked silver coins
 Gold coins

36.

Ashoka’s edicts put stress on social harmony among the people  by spreading ideas of equity instead of promotion of religion.

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

gene editing

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 29th November, 2018
5. Why Chinese researcher’s claim of gene editing of babies is problematic– THE INDIAN EXPRESS – 28th November, 2018

NEWS REPORT
1. Chinese researcher created an international sensation.
2. He claimed that he had altered the genes of a human embryo that eventually resulted in the birth of twin girls early this month.
3. If it is true, it would be the first instance of human offspring having been produced with specific desired attributes, using newly-developed tools of gene editing.
4. If it is true, it would be the first instance of human offspring having been produced with specific desired attributes, using newly-developed tools of gene editing.
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY DNA AND GENES?
1. DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical, present at the centre of the cells of living things, that controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries genetic information during reproduction.
2. Gene is a part of the DNA in a cell that controls the physical development, behaviour, etc. of an individual plant or animal and is passed on from its parents.
3. Physical attributes like height, skin, intelligence, eyesight, susceptibility to certain diseases, even behavioural traits are attributed to the information encoded in the genetic material.
4. If the information is altered, we can control some of these features.
A chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA containing many genes.
WHAT ABOUT GENETIC MODIFICATION IN CROPS?
1. Genetic Modification is widely practiced in agriculture.
2. Countries like USA, Brazil, Argentina practice it widely.
3. It became contentious in countries like India. 
4. In agriculture, it is to increase productivity or increase resistance to diseases.
Tampering with the genetic code is more contentious in the human beings.
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY CRISPR?
1. It is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.
2. It is the most efficient technology for gene editing.
3. Gene Editing is done by using a special protein called Cas9.
4. It is simple, effective and incredibly precise technology.
It is talked about as the technology that will revolutionise human existence in future.
MORE ON CRISPR-Cas9 TECHNOLOGY
1. It behaves like a cut and paste mechanism on DNA strands that contain genetic information.
2. The specific location of the genetic codes that need to be changed or edited is identified on the DNA strand.
3. Then, using the Cas9 protein, which acts like a pair of scissors, the location is cut off from the strand.
4. A DNA strand, which is broken has a natural tendency to repair itself.
Scientists intervene during the auto-repair process, supplying the desired sequence of genetic codes that binds itself with the broken DNA strand.
MORE ON GENE EDITING CAPABILITIES …
1. Gene editing capabilities now exist with hundreds of researchers and laboratories across the World.
2. Leading scientists in the field, including Jennifer Doudna, the co-inventor of CRISPR technology that was used to edit genes in the Chinese case, have calling for a “global pause” on clinical applications of the technology in human beings.
Internationally adopted protocols is the need of the hour.
NUMBER OF UNANSWERED QUESTIONS!
POINT NO: 1
Is it required for protection to HIV?
The technology is used to solve a problem of HIV infection but, it has alternative solutions and treatments.
It is not necessary to tamper with genetic material, which may have unintended and yet unknown consequences.
POINT NO: 2
Not through peer-reviewed journal.
The researcher made the announcement in the media and not through  peer-reviewed scientific journal.
So therefore, there is no way to verify the claims or whether the editing was carried out in the proper manner or not.
POINT NO: 3
The technology may not be 100% precise
The technology is extremely precise, but not 100% every time.
There is a possibility that some other genes also get targeted, in such scenario unintended impacts cannot be rolled-out.
POINT NO: 4
What about regulatory approvals?
It is not clear whether regulatory approvals were taken.
In most countries, possibly in China as well, such experiments are banned.
In many countries, it would be punishable by law.
There are also data and information gaps about the experiments.
Then, this involves highly problematic issue of trying to produce designer babies.
HIGHLY USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF SOME DISEASES
1. The most promising use of the CRISPR is in treating sickle cell anaemia.
2. This is a single gene mutation, which makes the blood sickle-shaped.
3. This mutation can be reversed using gene editing technology.
4. If this is used for such type of therapy applications, there should not be any problem.
5. In such cases, the genetic codes of just one individual are being changed to cure a disease. It is gene therapy.
WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN THE GENES OF EMBRYO ARE CHANGED?
1. It will be passed on to the offspring that means, we are changing the genome of the next generation.
2. If we allow this, nothing stops people with access to CRISPR technology to produce babies with very specific traits i.e., Designer Babies.


provisions of the Companies Act 2013

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 17thJuly, 2018
2. Overdue correction– THE HINDU– 17th JULY, 2018

NEWS REPORT
1. Centre announced the Constitution of a Committee to revisit several provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 that impose stiff penalties as well as prison terms for Directors and key management personnel.
2. Ten-member Committee appointed by the Corporate Affairs Ministry is tasked with checking, if certain offences can be “decriminalized”.
3. The Panel includes top banker UdayKotak, it was given 30 days to work out, whether some of the violations that can attract imprisonment can be punished with monetary fines.
The Committee, chaired by Corporate Affairs Secretary InjetiSrinivas, would submit its report in 30 days to the Government.
MORE ON THIS COMMITTEE
1. For example, a clerical failure by directors to make adequate disclosures about their interests can attract imprisonment.
2. The Committee will examine the offences punishable with a fine or imprisonment may be re-categorised as “Acts” that attract civil liabilities.
3. It is also with a view to look at broad contours for an adjudicatory mechanism that allows penalties for minor violations, in automated manner.
The law at present is so tough that even a spelling mistake or typographical error could be construed as fraud and lead to harsh strictures.
WHY THE GOVERNMENT KEPT SUCH HARSH PENALTIES AND PRISON TERMS IN 2013 LAW?
1. At that time, anti-corruption discourse was at high-pitch. Several cases of Crony Capitalism came to light at that time. Massive corporate frauds were reported, example is Satyam Computer Services.
2. The credibility of corporate India’s books and governance standards were also questioned at that time.
Under those circumstances, the previous Government brought stringent punishments.

EASE OF DOING BUSINESS…THE TOP MOST PRIORITY
1. The Government’s priority is to revive the economy.
2. Industry heads red-flagged the impact of such stringent provisions on the ease of doing business and investor sentiment.
3. Trust deficit between industry and Government, because of stray incidents of corporate malfeasance should not inhibit normal business operations.
4. The Government is finally moving purposefully on this. One more reason is private sector investment is yet to pick up.
It appears there is a need for changes, when one looks at the less regulatory environment.

PROBLEMS WITH DIESEL VEHICLES … GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 30thApril, 2019

1. Downbeat diesel – THE HINDU – 29thApril, 2019

The problem with diesel

– THE INDIAN EXPRESS – 29th April, 2019



PROBLEMS WITH DIESEL VEHICLES … GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

1. Diesel emissions pose hidden hazards. The harmful fine and ultra-fine particles that they contain penetrate deep into the blood stream.

2. Vehicle exhausts adds to the ground-level ozone formed from nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons combining in the presence of sunlight, seriously harming respiratory health.

3. In Europe, the sale of diesel cars have fallen substantially in recent times.

4. The diesel emissions scandal with cheat devices involving Volkswagen dismayed many consumers.

5. In fact, Paris, Madrid and Athens  announced prohibition on diesel vehicles by 2025, London made it more expensive for older vehicles to enter the city.

The focus should be on encouraging walking, cycling and using public transport.

PROBABLE REASONS FOR MARUTI SUZUKI DECISION

REASON NO. 1 REDUCTION IN PRICE DIFFERENCE

1. Reduction in the price difference between petrol and diesel.

2. There was at one point of time a gap of Rs. 25 per litre between diesel and petrol and now, the price difference is around Rs. 7 per litre.

3. Gradually petrol and diesel became market driven.

In 2012-13, diesel cars accounted for 47% of the passenger vehicle sales. Now, they account for just around 20% of overall passenger vehicle sales in 2018-19. This is less than half the share in comparison to five years ago.





REASON NO. 2 LEAPFROGGING TO BS VI … ADDITIONAL COSTS

1. New emission norms will come into effect on April 1, 2020.

2. It entails higher costs to upgrade diesel engines to meet the new BS VI emission norms.

3. The difference in the price of a petrol and a diesel car is on an average Rs. 1 lakh now. It may go up to Rs. 2.5 lakh.

4. Moreover, in the wake of Volkswagen emissions scandal, it is becoming uncertain, if the customers would like to buy diesel cars. 

HISTORY OF BHARAT STAGE NORMS

1. These are to regulate the output of air pollutants from IC engines, including motor vehicles.

2. India introduced emission norms first in 1991 and tightened in 1996.

3. Based on landmark Supreme Court order of April 1999, Centre notified BS I and BS II norms, broadly equal to Euro I and Euro II respectively. 

4. Subsequently, BS III and BS IV norms came into existence. Now BS-IV norms are implemented across the Country. 

5. The Country decided to skip BS V and to switch over to BS VI from April 1, 2020.

To shift entire Country from BS III to BS IV, it took seven years. The timeline now is less and skipping BS V and making diesel cars compatible for BS-VI entails additional costs.

SWITCHING OVER TO BS VI … PROBLEM IS WITH DIESEL VEHICLES

CHANGES IN THE PETROL VEHICLES CHANGES IN THE DIESEL VEHICLES

These are limited to catalysts and electronic control upgrades.

These are more complicated. They have to look at three aspects

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system

Lean NOx Trap (LNT)

Now, the entire cost is to be borne in one go. Hence, it entails higher costs in one go.

DIESEL ENGINES … MAJOR CHANGES REQUIRED!

TO TACKLE NITROGEN OXIDES

TO TACKLE PARTICULATE MATTER

It involves Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), which is an advanced active emissions control technology.

SCR converts nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, water, tiny amounts of CO2 by pumping in automotive grade liquid urea, which is known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF).

It achieves NOx reductions up to 90%. Tailpipe Particulate Matter filter is used.

This reduces the Particulate Matter coming out of the vehicle to the required level.

















amendments made to Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 30thJuly, 2018
2. Layers of protection– THE HINDU – 30th JULY, 2018
LokSabha passes anti-graft amendment Bill
– THE HINDU – 25th JULY, 2018
IMPORTANT CHANGES MADE
POINT NO. 1 -- BRIBE GIVERS
WHAT WAS THE EARLIER PROVISION?NEWLY PROPOSED






It could empower the public to refuse to give a bribe, but 7 day limit may not be enough. There is also a concern what will happen, if citizen’s report of coercion is not registered by the police.
POINT NO. 2 -- PRE-INVESTIGATION APPROVAL
WHAT WAS THE EARLIER PROVISION?               NEWLY PROPOSED






Protection was formerly available to the officials of rank of Joint Secretary and above. However, Supreme Court struck it down, now it is extended by law to all its public servants.

POINT NO. 3 -- SANCTION FOR PROSECUTION
WHAT WAS THE EARLIER PROVISION?               NEWLY PROPOSED









Sanction for Indian Penal Code offences covered both serving and retired officers. Guidelines and time-limit may help make sanction process easier.

POINT NO. 4 -- CRIMINAL MISCONDUCT
WHAT WERE THE EARLIER PROVISIONS?               NEWLY PROPOSED









This is to protect public servants from being wrongly prosecuted for official decisions. Earlier, it was a crime to obtain advantage to a private party without public interest.

POINT NO. 5 -- FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY
WHAT WAS THE EARLIER PROVISION?               NEWLY PROPOSED






This helps avoid a fresh procedure to confiscate property obtained through corruption and enables Court conducting trial to do so itself.




WHAT IS THE CRUX OF THE REAL PROBLEM?
1. Honest officers are prosecuted, even when they gained nothing and merely exercised their power or discretion in favour of someone.
2. This is because of Section 13 (1)d in the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, where the public servants are culpable for securing a pecuniary advantage for another “without any public interest”.
3. Provision 13 (1)d has got a chilling effect on the governance and several officials are hesitating to take the bold decisions.
4. It restricts criminal misconduct to two offences
Misappropriating or converting to one’s own use property entrusted to a public servant or is in his control.
Amassing unexplained wealth.
A person “shall be presumed to have intentionally enriched himself”, if he cannot account for his assets through known sources of income.
CRITICAL APPRAISAL
POINT NO. 1 -- ISSUE OF BRIBE GIVERS
1. It makes citizens liable for offering a bribe to a public servant. The anti-corruption law has been brought now in line with the UN Convention Against Corruption.
2. The only exception is, when one is forced to give a bribe.
3. This kicks in, when one was forced to pay a bribe reported to the law enforcement authority within seven days.
The penal provision can empower people by allowing them to cite it to refuse to pay a bribe. At the same time, it is not clear what happens, when the police or any other agency refuses to register a complaint. People may be left in the lurch with no redress. It may render them vulnerable to threats from unscrupulous public servants, who collect money to speed up public services, but do not deliver.
POINT NO. 2 -- PRIOR APPROVAL TO START AN INVESTIGATION
1. When a prior sanction requirement already exist in law for prosecution, it is incomprehensible that the Legislature should create another layer of protection in the initial stage of a probe.
2. Public servants need to be protected against unfair prosecution, but a genuine drive against corruption requires a package of Legislative measures.
3. These should contain penal provisions, create an ombudsman in the form of a Lokpal or Lokayukta, as well as assure citizens of time-bound services and whistle-blower protection.
Laws to fulfil these objectives are either not operational or are yet to materialise.

JallianwalaBagh Massacre EDITORIAL

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 12thApril, 2019
4. ‘Deep regret’ is simply not good enough
– THE HINDU – 12th April, 2019
Reflections on a massacre – THE HINDU – 12th April, 2019
A SLICE INTO HISTORY …
1. Hundreds of thousands were killed by the Japanese Army in Nanjing Massacre of 1937–38.
2. Atrocities of Indonesian soldiers in East Timor since 1975 onwards.
3. Killing of every male inhabitant of the Persian town of Kernan in 1794 by Agha Mohammad Khan.
He insisted that the eyeballs be brought to him in baskets and poured on the floor.
4. 1940 Katyn massacre
Over 20,000 Polish soldiers and civilians are killed by the Russians.
ANARCHICAL AND REVOLUTIONARY CRIMES ACT OF 1919 … A BRIEF
1. It is popularly known as the Rowlatt Act.
2. It came into force a month before the Massacre in Jallianwala Bagh.
3. It authorized the Government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India for up to two years without a trial.
4. It shocked most Indians, who had expected to be rewarded, not punished for fighting alongside British in the First World War.
It was enacted in the light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war.
MORE ON JALLIANWALA BAGH!
1. There were rewards for the Perpetrator Reginald Dyer by the British public.
2. It removed illusions about benign British rule in the country.
3. It also marked the start of a liberation struggle like no other under Mahatma Gandhi.
4. Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, in his letter of protest renouncing the Knighthood conferred on him, wrote, “the accounts of the insults and sufferings by our brothers in Punjab have trickled through the gagged silence, reaching every corner of India, and the universal agony of indignation has been ignored by our rulers”.


WHAT ABOUT INVESTIGATIONS SUBSEQUENTLY?
1. A Disorders Inquiry Committee, known as Hunter Committee was set up.
2. Dyer asserted that his intention had been to punish the crowd, it is to make a “wide impression” and to strike terror not only in Amritsar, but throughout Punjab.
3. The Committee split along racial lines and submitted a majority and minority report.
4. The majority report established Dyer’s culpability but, it let off the Lieutenant Governor, Michael O’Dwyer.
The minority report written by three Indian members was more scathing in its criticism.
WHAT HAPPENED SUBSEQUENTLY?
1. Dyer had become a liability and he was asked to resign his command, after which he left for England.
2. This decision for a quiet discharge was approved by the British Secretary of State, Edwin Montagu after an acrimonious debate, also by the House of Commons.
The conservative House of Lords took a different approach and criticised the Government for being unjust to the officer. Similar sentiments in Dyer’s favour came from the right-wing press, as well as from conservative sections of the public, who believed that he had saved India for the Empire.









VOICES IN UK IN RECENT TIMES!

UNEQUIVOCAL APOLOGY IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR!
1. There are many ways to heal a festering wound between the nations.
2. Justin Trudeau of Canada has formally apologized in the House of Commons for the Komagata Maru incident of 1914 in 2016.
3. Apologies, regrets and expressions of sorrow are conceptualised with varying degrees of significance and meaningfulness.
WHY THE COUNTRIES NOT IN FAVOUR OF APOLOGIES?
1. State apologies for historical wrongs involve an expansion of state responsibility and require changes in state identity.
2. States refuge to apologize, when their self narratives are disrupted. 
3. Sometimes they may become sources of conflict, rather than conflict resolution.




PLASTIC POLLUTION

EDITORIAL DISCUSSION – 26th JUNE, 2018


3. Reduce, segregate-THE HINDU – 26thJune, 2018
Plastic-free India is a nudge away 
-LIVEMINT – 26th June, 2018

PLASTIC POLLUTION … A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW-1
BAN ON PLASTIC IN 3 AFRICAN COUNTRIES

NEWS REPORT
Maharashtra Govt. enforced plastic ban from 23rd June.
The decision was announced in March.
Now, as per the Govt. notification, ban is on manufacture, use, transport, distribution, wholesale and retail sale, storage and import of plastic bags with and without handle.
It also covers disposable products made from plastic and thermocol (polystyrene), such as single-use disposable dishes, cups, plates etc.

WHAT ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE BAN?
1. PET bottles irrespective of capacity are exempted. They should have a pre-defined buyback price ranging from Rs. 1 to Rs. 2.
2. Plastics used for packaging of medicines, compostable plastic bags, the material used for plant nurseries.
3. Plastic bags not less than 50 micron thickness used for packaging of milk.
4. Plastic manufactured for export in SEZs and plastic to wrap the material at the manufacturing stage.
Penalties, which can be imposed by urban and rural civic bodies, collectors, forest officers, police authorities etc., are from Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 25,000, with three months in jail.
PET stands for Polyethylene Terephthalate, which is a form of polyester just like clothing fabric.
PLASTICS & THE GROUND REALITY
1. Worldwide, only 9% of about 9 billion tonnes of plastic produced since 1950s got recycled.
2. India’s data is not reliable and it is patchy.
3. There are existing regulations on plastic waste management and solid waste management.
4. Specifications for the recycling of different types of plastics were issued two decades ago by Bureau of Indian Standards.
5. The major concern is India’s plastic waste, estimated officially at 25,000 to 26,000 tonnes a day, is being dumped into the oceans.
NEWS REPORT OF 2016
SALIENT FEATURES OF SWM RULES, 2016
1. It is applicable beyond municipal areas and extend to urban agglomerations, census towns, notified industrial townships and areas under the control of Railways, Airports, Defence, SEZs etc.
2. Segregation of waste at source is mandated. This will put waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.
3. Generators of waste have to segregate in three forms.
Wet (biodegradable) like food, vegetables, kitchen waste etc.
Dry like plastic, paper, metal, wood, glass, diapers, napkins etc.
Hazardouslike antifreeze products, mosquito repellents, cleaning agents etc.
This segregated waste is to be handed over to authorized rag pickers, waste collectors or local bodies
4. Integration of rag pickers and waste dealers into the formal system is to be done by State Governments & Self Help Groups
5. Generator has to pay “User Fee” to waste collector and “Spot Fine” will be imposed for littering and non-segregation
6. Responsibility on manufacturers of diapers and sanitary napkins to provide pouches to keep the used products
7. Responsibility on resident welfare associations, gated communities, new townships, hotels & restaurants was increased and they are made responsible for several activities
Tirunelveli town in Tamil Nadu became the first in the country to achieve 100% segregation of waste at source across households and establishments.

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016
1. Area of applicability is extended to rural areas also
2. Thickness of plastic carry bags increased from 40 micron to 50 micron size. The idea is to increase production cost and to discourage usage. It is also expected that collection by waste pickers will increase.
3. The production of non-recyclable, multi-layered plastic will be phased out in 2 years.
4. The producers, importers and brand owners need to set up a system to collect back the plastic waste.
5. Street vendors, small retailers who provide plastic bags need to register with their local bodies.
Everyday 25,000 tonnes of plastic waste is generated
Only about 60% is collected and processed
Plastic waste is non-biodegradable and poses environmental threat
With these new rules, Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011 will not be applicable
WHAT ARE THE ANNOUNCEMENTS MADE BY NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES?
1. The Prime Minister stated that India would do away with all single-use plastics by 2022.
2. UN member countries recently resolved to produce a binding agreement in 18 months to deal with the release of plastics into the marine environment.
3. Every year, 8 million tonnes of plastic waste, including bottles and packaging make their way into the sea.
There is a Great Pacific Garbage Patch of the plastic debris in Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and Hawaii islands. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system is on the UN map of 10 rivers worldwide that carry the bulk of plastic waste into the oceans.
WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY MICROPLASTICS?
1. 5 mm in size are called microplastics.
2. They can be formed by fragmentation of large plastic waste material. 
3. These are the microfibers from washing of the textiles, microbeads used in cosmetics and even paint from land run-offs.
These account for a third of the plastic pollution in the oceans.


WHY MICROPLASTICS ARE DANGEROUS TO THE FOOD CHAIN?
1. They are taken by the Zooplankton, which is the lowest link in the food chain.
2. The Zooplankton is eaten by the fish and the microplastic finally reaches the seal, which consumes the fish.
3. Microplastics, once ingested can settle in the stomach and lead to reduction in feeding capacity of the organisms.
As they tend to be more time in the oceans, they absorb various pollutants and hence act as the vectors, transferring toxic chemicals from the environment into the marine organisms.
PLASTIC POLLUTION…OTHER SIDE OF THE STORY
1. Indian plastic industry provides employment to over 4 million people in approximately 30,000 processing and manufacturing units.
2. It is worth Rs. 1 trillion as of financial year 2014-15. It’s growth is around 10.5%. 
3. Plastic exports accounted for $ 7.64 billion and they constituted 3% of India’s total exports in 2015-16. 
WHAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS DONE IN RECENT TIMES?
1. On 27th March, the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change amended the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.
2. As per this amendment, manufacturers, suppliers, and sellers of plastic across the nation are required to phase out, over a period of two years, the products which will have no alternative use or are non-recyclable and non-energy recoverable.
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
1. Strict implementation of Plastic Management Rules, 2016.
2. State-level Monitoring Committee is headed by the Urban Development Secretary in each state. He should be mandated to produce a monthly report on how much plastic is collected, including details of the types of chemicals involved and disposal methods.
3. Local bodies are mandated to ensure segregation, collection and transfer of waste to registered recyclers. But, local bodies failed to fulfil their responsibilities and they should take the responsibility.
4. Steps should be taken to stop the generation of mixed waste, which prevents the recovery of plastics. 
5. Companies covered by Extended Producer Responsibility provisions must be required to take back their waste.
6. In parallel, incentives can be given to reduce the use of plastic carry bags, single-use cups, plates etc.
7. Retailers must be required to switch to paper bags.
8. Creating circular plastic economy is one option.
9. There should be a shift from cheap and disposable to durable, reusable and fully recyclable products.
NUDGING … INCENTIVES … BEHAVIORAL CHANGE
1. Incentives and tax benefits for the manufacturers will facilitate gradual shift to alternatives for plastic.
2. Government can nudge rather than coerce the citizens to demand and use less plastic.
3. Nudge is the aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a predictable way.
4. Normative social influence, which taps into people’s intrinsic urge to conform and liked by those around them can have positive change.
5. We can think of giving discounts to the consumers, who bring their own bags or reward points for not requesting a plastic bag, as opposed to fining, penalising or charging high prices. 
6. Another nudge, which is successful in the global context is “opt-out model”, where the customers would by default be considered as opted-in for non-plastic items, forcing them to manually opt-out to choose otherwise.